The paper describes a method to derive the electrical characteristics of the sea surface from Earth observation data and compute the ground-wave signal delay across sea-ice covered areas.
It is used in a tool chain to simulate signal propagation in a real-world scenario for the medium-frequency radio navigation R-Mode and assess the impact of sea ice on the signal propagation delays. The results indicate, that the effect of sea ice is significant and needs to be compensated.

Our paper reviews orthogonal waveforms for spaceborne Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Synthetic Aperture Radar (MIMO-SAR), a first-of-its-kind comparison. We provide a catalogue of waveform performance parameters and an ambiguity function analysis, serving as decision rules for optimal waveform selection in MIMO-SAR design.