Analog integrators have the problem that small signals are affected by the noise of the circuit and large signals are limited by the supply voltage. In the hybrid integrator, mixed digital and analog signal processing increases the maximum possible difference between the smallest and largest signals, which can be almost any size. The hybrid integrator has improved detection of dynamic input signals, which further improves the dynamic range.

Based on new archive sources, it is shown that Egbert von Lepel is one of the pioneers of early radio technology, which has not been adequately dealt with in the history of radio science. In particular, the significance of his 1907 patent of the spark-gap transmitter ("Löschfunkensender") is unknown, although it was granted as a key patent by the Imperial Patent Office in 1911. Therefore, Telefunken paid licenses to von Lepel, but this was the subject of a secret treaty of 1919.

Middle atmosphere long-term changes show the signature of climate change. We analyse 43 years of mesopause region horizontal winds obtained at two sites in Germany. We observe mainly positive trends of the zonal prevailing wind throughout the year, while the meridional winds tend to decrease in magnitude in both summer and winter. Furthermore, there is a change in long-term trends around the late 1990s, which is most clearly visible in summer winds.

The implementation of an anomaly detection with a decision tree was investigated with respect to the evaluation of selected SI effects in PCB design. The tree based approach allows the designer to understand the proposals more easily (explainable AI). High prediction accuracies for two simple networks were achieved with the proposed method. The use of anomaly detection with a decision tree will be further developed in future work for various more complex SI applications in circuit design.

In this paper, a two-stage artificial intelligence framework for supporting the signal integrity compliant printed circuit board design process has been developed. This framework was applied to compare linear and non-linear data, which showed that the non-linear data source gains advantages over the linear data in terms of attainable regression accuracy. For the investigated application however, the linear model can be utilized directly or by utilizing transfer learning for adequate results.

A framework to assist to the modeling, classification, and identification of PCB designs involving different topological approaches is proposed based on the analysis of scattering parameters. The underlying idea is to break down the relevant information hidden in the network topology to a flattened latent space via an encoder-decoder structure. Various machine learning and optimization methods are proposed using the trained encoder or decoder as upstream or downstream component.

Autonomous driving is handled as one of the key technologies of the current era. Safety proofs for this form of transportation are partly carried out using simulations. In this paper the response of roads made of rough asphalts and concrete to radar signals is investigated, to create a database improving the accuracy of such simulations. The measurements are performed in a laboratory using specific samples of roads. The setup is validated as well, and the results are described mathematically.

This paper introduces and compares two design methods to find an antenna arrangement for a radar system using multiple transmitters and multiple receivers. Such a setup is capable of reducing the number of required antennas significantly. The methods can be used to design 1D or 2D antenna arrays without software tools or programming effort. Since the presented approach is based on a simplified signal model, it can be used as a starting point for more detailed design considerations.

This contribution investigates the approximation of a well-established immunity test method for electronic equipment by an alternative test method, which so far has only been applied to electronic equipment in aircrafts. The alternative method can provide a similar test environment under certain test conditions, yet offers additional advantages with respect to practical criteria like time and cost saving. It is thus promising for further industrial applications, such as the automotive industry.

The effects of parameters (decaps, power plane and stackup) affecting the input impedance of a power delivery network are investigated. An artificial neural network is trained using the generated data utilizing a process to generate suitable input for training a machine learning module, which is able to predict the impedance profile of the PDN. In order to obtain a more accurate prediction, Bayesian optimization is implemented and the results are compared to commercial power integrity software.

The paper shows the determination and application of the generalized efficiency of waveguide thermoelectric power sensor and the uncertainty in the direct transfer system to establish measurement traceability of the millimeter wave power to the primary standard. The waveguide thermoelectric sensor with its generalized efficiency can be used as a transfer standard to calibrate all types of power sensors to determine both the generalized efficiency and the calibration factor.

THz systems are promising tools for non-destructive testing and material characterisation. High costs, which are mostly determined by the laser system, prevent the application in the market. By using monolithic dual-colour lasers, a significant cost decrease can be achieved. We discuss some of the typical drawbacks associated with these lasers. Furthermore, we present a complete THz system which is based on a dual-colour diode laser to show the capabilities for material characterisation.

An optimum placement and dimensioning of decaps on a printed circuit board is determined by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The use of an artificial neural network as surrogate model to compute fitness values for the GA significantly reduces computation time. With the optimization framework at hand, the risk of a redesign that would take several weeks can be significantly reduced by a computation that just needs a few minutes.

The paper focuses on computational electromagnetics. To reduce the computation burden, the domain is divided into smaller subdomains that are solved separately. A feature of such a scheme is the expression of the multipole expansion in one subdomain due to the sources placed in another subdomain. This work analyzes an alternative method to do this task. Now, the subdomains enclosing the antennas can have an arbitrary shape, hence reducing the distances between the antennas and the scatterers.

The manuscript is about the design and experimental characterization of microwave filters to be used for satellite communication, especially for the E1 Galileo band. To feed the filter with microwave power, inductive and capacitive coupling schemes are adopted and compared. The measurement results show a good agreement with simulated ones. The outcome of this research is to compare the inductive and capacitive coupling schemes in the design of combline cavity filters.

This article deals with the relatively late introduction of entertainment radio in Germany compared to other technically advanced countries. Following current broadcasting history, the German Post Office was initially interested in the commercial use of wireless technology after the end of the First World War. Due to the success of entertainment radio in the USA and UK, there were demands from industry and radio amateurs for its opening in Germany as well, which finally happened with a delay.

The results of immunity tests on components of self-driving automobiles to radiated high power electromagnetic (HPEM) pulses are presented in this work. It is of particular interest to investigate such automobiles’ resilience towards deliberate attacks with electromagnetic interference (EMI). A characterization of the applied pulses are presented. A correlation can be drawn between the pulse repetition rate or the amplitude of the applied pulses and the severity of the effect on the DUTs.

In this study, the impact of LO signal variations on VNA measurements is investigated. The effect of LO signal changes is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. It is found that even minor LO signal phase changes after calibration significantly affect the measured phase angles of transmission coefficients. Error correction terms are derived and applied to correct errors in the experimental data. The results shows that corrected measurements remain unaffected by the effect.

A systematic analysis of measurement uncertainties in rectangular waveguide calibrations is condcuted. Uncertainty budgets for different waveguide bands are examined, individual uncertainty contributions are discussed and the significant impact of connection repeatability is highlighted. Consequently, an investigation into misaligned waveguide interfaces is undertaken, emphasizing the importance of precise alignment, supported by simulation and experimental data.