Phase height measurements of low frequency radio waves are used to study the long-term variability of the mesosphere over Europe. But a refinement of this measurements suggest that it must be considered as one that only reflects integral properties of the hole region from the mesosphere over the stratosphere down to the troposphere. The sole coupling of these measurements to the mesosphere must be dropped.

We analyze tidal phases and related wind shear in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere as observed by a meteor radar. The wind shear phases are compared with those of sporadic E occurrence rates, which were derived from GPS radio occultation observations. We find good correspondence between radar derived wind shear and sporadic E phases for the semidiurnal, terdiurnal, and quarterdiurnal tidal components, but not for the diurnal tide.

In April 2018 the PMWE1 sounding rocket campaign was conducted at the Andøya Space Center involving coordinated measurements with rockets and ground instruments to measure parameters relevant for testing of the existing theories of PMWE formation. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) was operated to detect PMWE with multiple beam directions. The Saura MF radar was operated with a multiple beam experiment to derive horizontal winds and electron density profiles.