A systematic analysis of measurement uncertainties in rectangular waveguide calibrations is condcuted. Uncertainty budgets for different waveguide bands are examined, individual uncertainty contributions are discussed and the significant impact of connection repeatability is highlighted. Consequently, an investigation into misaligned waveguide interfaces is undertaken, emphasizing the importance of precise alignment, supported by simulation and experimental data.

In this study, the impact of LO signal variations on VNA measurements is investigated. The effect of LO signal changes is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. It is found that even minor LO signal phase changes after calibration significantly affect the measured phase angles of transmission coefficients. Error correction terms are derived and applied to correct errors in the experimental data. The results shows that corrected measurements remain unaffected by the effect.

The paper gives advice to design sequentially rotated antenna arrays with rotation angles optimized for polarization quality. In antenna arrays perfect single radiators are not realizable. Differences between elements impede efficient operation. A smart approach of placing and rotating the elements improves the radiation characteristics. This effect is very efficient, if the single radiators show medium polarization quality, like e.g., mass produced inexpensive devices used in many applications.

In measurement applications many devices with two ports have different interfaces at their two ports and are commonly referred to as adapters. The interface e.g. can be a coaxial connector, a rectangular waveguide flange, or a coplanar waveguide probe tip. Two suitable methods for the measurement of such adapters are compared. The first one is a VNA measurement method using only one port calibration standards and one port measurements. It will be compared to a two port calibration method.