Comparison of S-Parameter Measurement Methods for Adapters
High Frequency and Electromagnetic Fields, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Frauke Gellersen
High Frequency and Electromagnetic Fields, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Meike Tschauder
High Frequency and Electromagnetic Fields, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Related authors
Andreas Tobias Schramm, Frauke Kathinka Helene Gellersen, and Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 22, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-35-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-35-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A systematic analysis of measurement uncertainties in rectangular waveguide calibrations is condcuted. Uncertainty budgets for different waveguide bands are examined, individual uncertainty contributions are discussed and the significant impact of connection repeatability is highlighted. Consequently, an investigation into misaligned waveguide interfaces is undertaken, emphasizing the importance of precise alignment, supported by simulation and experimental data.
Frauke Kathinka Helene Gellersen, David Ulm, Florian Rausche, Andreas Tobias Schramm, and Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 22, 47–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the impact of LO signal variations on VNA measurements is investigated. The effect of LO signal changes is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. It is found that even minor LO signal phase changes after calibration significantly affect the measured phase angles of transmission coefficients. Error correction terms are derived and applied to correct errors in the experimental data. The results shows that corrected measurements remain unaffected by the effect.
Windi Kurnia Perangin-Angin, Karsten Kuhlmann, and Jürgen Rühaak
Adv. Radio Sci., 21, 7–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-7-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-7-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper shows the determination and application of the generalized efficiency of waveguide thermoelectric power sensor and the uncertainty in the direct transfer system to establish measurement traceability of the millimeter wave power to the primary standard. The waveguide thermoelectric sensor with its generalized efficiency can be used as a transfer standard to calibrate all types of power sensors to determine both the generalized efficiency and the calibration factor.
Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 20, 17–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper gives advice to design sequentially rotated antenna arrays with rotation angles optimized for polarization quality. In antenna arrays perfect single radiators are not realizable. Differences between elements impede efficient operation. A smart approach of placing and rotating the elements improves the radiation characteristics. This effect is very efficient, if the single radiators show medium polarization quality, like e.g., mass produced inexpensive devices used in many applications.
Andreas Tobias Schramm, Frauke Kathinka Helene Gellersen, and Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 22, 35–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-35-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-35-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A systematic analysis of measurement uncertainties in rectangular waveguide calibrations is condcuted. Uncertainty budgets for different waveguide bands are examined, individual uncertainty contributions are discussed and the significant impact of connection repeatability is highlighted. Consequently, an investigation into misaligned waveguide interfaces is undertaken, emphasizing the importance of precise alignment, supported by simulation and experimental data.
Frauke Kathinka Helene Gellersen, David Ulm, Florian Rausche, Andreas Tobias Schramm, and Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 22, 47–52, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-47-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-47-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the impact of LO signal variations on VNA measurements is investigated. The effect of LO signal changes is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. It is found that even minor LO signal phase changes after calibration significantly affect the measured phase angles of transmission coefficients. Error correction terms are derived and applied to correct errors in the experimental data. The results shows that corrected measurements remain unaffected by the effect.
Windi Kurnia Perangin-Angin, Karsten Kuhlmann, and Jürgen Rühaak
Adv. Radio Sci., 21, 7–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-7-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-21-7-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper shows the determination and application of the generalized efficiency of waveguide thermoelectric power sensor and the uncertainty in the direct transfer system to establish measurement traceability of the millimeter wave power to the primary standard. The waveguide thermoelectric sensor with its generalized efficiency can be used as a transfer standard to calibrate all types of power sensors to determine both the generalized efficiency and the calibration factor.
Karsten Kuhlmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 20, 17–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-17-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-17-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper gives advice to design sequentially rotated antenna arrays with rotation angles optimized for polarization quality. In antenna arrays perfect single radiators are not realizable. Differences between elements impede efficient operation. A smart approach of placing and rotating the elements improves the radiation characteristics. This effect is very efficient, if the single radiators show medium polarization quality, like e.g., mass produced inexpensive devices used in many applications.
Cited articles
Daywitt, W. C.: First-Order Symmetric Modes for a Slightly Lossy Coaxial
Transmission Line, IEEE T. Microw. Theory, 38, 1644–1650, https://doi.org/10.1109/22.60011,
1990. a
Ferrero, A. and Pisani, U.: Two-port network analyzer calibration using an
unknown “thru”, IEEE Microw. Guided W., 2, 505–507,
https://doi.org/10.1109/75.173410, 1992. a, b
Marks, R. B.: Formulations of the Basic Vector Network Analyzer Error Model
including Switch-Terms, in: 50th ARFTG Conference Digest, Portland, OR, USA, 4–5 December 1997, 32,
115–126, https://doi.org/10.1109/ARFTG.1997.327265, 1997. a
Mathworks: MATLAB 2019a, https://de.mathworks.com/ (last access: 17 February 2023), 2021. a
Moder, M. and Schubert, J.: Charaterization of RF and Microwave Measurement
Cables Used with Vector Network Analyzers, Tech. Rep. 2, Microwave Journal,
https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/37588-characterization-of-rf-and-microwave-measurement-cables-used-with-vector-network-analyzers?page=1 (last access: 17 February 2023), 2022. a
Ruefenacht, J. and the METAS VNA gang: Adapter characterization up to 110 GHz,
EMRP HF Circuits project: 6th European ANAMET meeting, slides, Teddington, UK, June 2016, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4947, 2016. a
Stumper, U.: Uncertainties of VNA S-parameter measurements applying the
Short-Open-Load-reciprocal (SOLR) calibration method, in: 2008 Conference on
Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Digest, Broomfield, CO, USA, 8–13 June 2008, 438–439,
https://doi.org/10.1109/CPEM.2008.4574841, 2008. a
Wollensack, M. and Hoffmann, J.: METAS VNA Tools II – Math Reference V2.2.6,
Tech. Rep. 2.2.6, METAS, Bern, Switzerland, https://www.metas.ch/dam/metas/en/data/Fachbereiche/Hochfrequenz/vna-tools/version262/VnaToolsMath V2.6.2.pdf.download.pdf/VnaToolsMath V2.6.2.pdf (last access: 17 February 2023), 2019. a
Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology: Evaluation
of measurement data – Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement, JCGM, https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/2071204/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf/cb0ef43f-baa5-11cf-3f85-4dcd86f77bd6 (last access: 17 February 2023), 2008. a
Zeier, M., Hoffmann, J., and Wollensack, M.: Metas.UncLib-a
measurement uncertainty calculator for advanced problems, Metrologia, 49,
809–815, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/6/809, 2012. a
Short summary
In measurement applications many devices with two ports have different interfaces at their two ports and are commonly referred to as adapters. The interface e.g. can be a coaxial connector, a rectangular waveguide flange, or a coplanar waveguide probe tip. Two suitable methods for the measurement of such adapters are compared. The first one is a VNA measurement method using only one port calibration standards and one port measurements. It will be compared to a two port calibration method.
In measurement applications many devices with two ports have different interfaces at their two...