In this study, the impact of LO signal variations on VNA measurements is investigated. The effect of LO signal changes is studied through theoretical analysis and experiments. It is found that even minor LO signal phase changes after calibration significantly affect the measured phase angles of transmission coefficients. Error correction terms are derived and applied to correct errors in the experimental data. The results shows that corrected measurements remain unaffected by the effect.

The paper shows the determination and application of the generalized efficiency of waveguide thermoelectric power sensor and the uncertainty in the direct transfer system to establish measurement traceability of the millimeter wave power to the primary standard. The waveguide thermoelectric sensor with its generalized efficiency can be used as a transfer standard to calibrate all types of power sensors to determine both the generalized efficiency and the calibration factor.

The paper gives advice to design sequentially rotated antenna arrays with rotation angles optimized for polarization quality. In antenna arrays perfect single radiators are not realizable. Differences between elements impede efficient operation. A smart approach of placing and rotating the elements improves the radiation characteristics. This effect is very efficient, if the single radiators show medium polarization quality, like e.g., mass produced inexpensive devices used in many applications.

In measurement applications many devices with two ports have different interfaces at their two ports and are commonly referred to as adapters. The interface e.g. can be a coaxial connector, a rectangular waveguide flange, or a coplanar waveguide probe tip. Two suitable methods for the measurement of such adapters are compared. The first one is a VNA measurement method using only one port calibration standards and one port measurements. It will be compared to a two port calibration method.