Vulnerability of Smart Grid-enabled Protection Relays to IEMI
Fernando Arduini
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis INT,
Euskirchen, Germany
Marian Lanzrath
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis INT,
Euskirchen, Germany
Samikshya Ghosalkar
Department of Electromagnetic Compatibility, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
Arash Nateghi
Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Munster, Germany
Sven Fisahn
Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Munster, Germany
Martin Schaarschmidt
Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Munster, Germany
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Tim Brandt, Sven Fisahn, Martin Schaarschmidt, Unai Aizpurua, Erik Kampert, and Stefan Dickmann
Adv. Radio Sci., 22, 29–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-29-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-22-29-2024, 2024
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The results of immunity tests on components of self-driving automobiles to radiated high power electromagnetic (HPEM) pulses are presented in this work. It is of particular interest to investigate such automobiles’ resilience towards deliberate attacks with electromagnetic interference (EMI). A characterization of the applied pulses are presented. A correlation can be drawn between the pulse repetition rate or the amplitude of the applied pulses and the severity of the effect on the DUTs.
Robert Michels, Martin Schaarschmidt, Sven Fisahn, and Frank Gronwald
Adv. Radio Sci., 20, 47–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-47-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-20-47-2023, 2023
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The response of antennas with nonlinear loads is investigated. In this contribution we present a method capable to perform simulations on antennas with multiple nonlinear loads that are less time and memory consuming than traditional proceedings. Moreover, these methods also contribute to a better understanding of observed effects. This is shown using an antenna with two nonlinear loads. A deep insight on how nonlinear loads affect the reception behavior of an antenna will be provided.
Maik Rogowski, Sven Fisahn, and Heyno Garbe
Adv. Radio Sci., 19, 9–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-9-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-19-9-2021, 2021
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In this artice two loopantennas in freespace are modeled and simulated in a numerical field calculation program. To verify the results, two approaches based on equivalent electrical circuit diagrams (ECD) were investigated. One approach based on the ECD of a real coil and another is based on the input impedant of the antenna.
The comparison of the results of the simulation and the analytical calculation of the ECD from the input impedance of the antenna showed a very good agreement.
Sven Fisahn, Christian Siebauer, Jan Ringkamp, Kirsten J. Dehning, Stefan Zimmermann, and Jens Langejürgen
Adv. Radio Sci., 18, 89–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-89-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-89-2020, 2020
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In artificial ventilation of neonates uncuffed endotracheal tubes are commonly used. The unknown leakage hampers the detection of spontaneous breathing. A new method to measure respiration by using antennae has recently been presented. A respective setup is investigated numerically and experimentally. Both approaches show that the method seems capable of allowing a contactless triggering to synchronize ventilation. The results are compared to derive a better understanding of influencing factors.
Robert Michels, Martin Schaarschmidt, and Frank Gronwald
Adv. Radio Sci., 18, 75–82, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-75-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-75-2020, 2020
Sergey V. Tkachenko, Juergen B. Nitsch, Felix Middelstaedt, Ronald Rambousky, Martin Schaarschmidt, and Ralf Vick
Adv. Radio Sci., 17, 177–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-177-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-177-2019, 2019
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Using the method of modal parameters, developed earlier, equations for the Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) poles were obtained. Numerical investigation of solutions for the poles of the fist layer have shown good agreement with analytical and numerical results obtained earlier.
Cornelia Reschka, Sebastian Koj, Sven Fisahn, and Heyno Garbe
Adv. Radio Sci., 17, 19–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-19-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-17-19-2019, 2019
Sven Fisahn, Sebastian Koj, and Heyno Garbe
Adv. Radio Sci., 16, 215–226, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-215-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-16-215-2019, 2019
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The coupling behavior of electromagnetic pulses into the shielded enclosure of vulnerable systems is of great interest in order to estimate and to predict the system's reliability. The usage of an optical field sensor reduces the influence of the measuring setup and thus, enables the analysis of the enclosure's resonance behavior, which delivers revealing information about the dependence of the quality factor on the aperture size of the enclosure.
Stefan Parr, Stephan Chromy, Stefan Dickmann, and Martin Schaarschmidt
Adv. Radio Sci., 15, 169–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-169-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-169-2017, 2017
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Electric equipment can be shielded against high power electromagnetic fields via metallic cavities. At certain frequencies, called resonances, the shielding effectiveness collapses. In this paper the impact of different sized windows in the shield is analyzed. The results is: at a certain size of the window, approximately one third of the shield's size, the shielding effectiveness is at its minimum. Furthermore, the quality factor of shields with different windows sizes is analyzed.
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The use of high-power electromagnetic sources to disrupt or maliciously damage electronic devices in critical power infrastructures is growing in concern. This paper presents a vulnerability study where a digital protection relay is exposed to high-power electromagnetic interference signals. The results reveal failures of this device that can impact the operation of power substations.
The use of high-power electromagnetic sources to disrupt or maliciously damage electronic...