The use of high-power electromagnetic sources to disrupt or maliciously damage electronic devices in critical power infrastructures is growing in concern. This paper presents a vulnerability study where a digital protection relay is exposed to high-power electromagnetic interference signals. The results reveal failures of this device that can impact the operation of power substations.

The response of antennas with nonlinear loads is investigated. In this contribution we present a method capable to perform simulations on antennas with multiple nonlinear loads that are less time and memory consuming than traditional proceedings. Moreover, these methods also contribute to a better understanding of observed effects. This is shown using an antenna with two nonlinear loads. A deep insight on how nonlinear loads affect the reception behavior of an antenna will be provided.

In this artice two loopantennas in freespace are modeled and simulated in a numerical field calculation program. To verify the results, two approaches based on equivalent electrical circuit diagrams (ECD) were investigated. One approach based on the ECD of a real coil and another is based on the input impedant of the antenna. The comparison of the results of the simulation and the analytical calculation of the ECD from the input impedance of the antenna showed a very good agreement.